Lymphoma Affecting the Breast: A Pictorial Review of Multimodal Imaging Findings
Euddeum Shim, Sung Eun Song, [...], and Gil Soo Son
Abstract
Hematological malignancies rarely affect the breast, and the majority of those that do are lymphomas. In this review, we describe the clinical aspects and multimodal imaging findings of breast lymphoma. We also illustrate the key clinical and radiological findings that allow it to be distinguished from various other malignant and benign diseases of the breast. Breast lymphoma manifests as a breast mass, a change in the subcutaneous tissue or the skin, or enlargement of the associated lymph node on radiological examination. Radiological findings associated with other breast malignancies, such as calcifications, spiculations, or architectural distortions are extremely rare. Skin and subcutaneous changes frequently accompany T-cell lymphoma. Multimodal breast imaging characteristics may aid in the diagnosis of breast lymphoma.
Keywords: Breast, Computed tomography, Lymphoma, Magnetic resonance imaging, Ultrasonography
INTRODUCTION
Hematological malignancies include lymphoid, myeloid, and histiocytic/dendritic neoplasms as defined in the most recent World Health Organization classification, updated in 2008 [1]. Lymphoma is the most common hematological malignancy affecting the breast. However, breast lymphoma accounts for only approximately 0.04% to 0.7% of all breast cancer cases [2,3], and this rarity may be related to the fact that the breast contains very little lymphoid tissue [4,5]. In these cases, it is often difficult to determine the relationship between the breast lesion and the hematological malignancy. Although several previous studies have addressed the imaging features of breast lymphoma, these findings are generally nonspecific and are typically presented as a list that was insufficient to guide clinical practice. As a result, clinicians may misinterpret the imaging findings associated with this lesion and consequently miss its significance. However, unlike a breast carcinoma, a mass of lymphoma cells in the breast does not require excision. To avoid unnecessary treatment, clinicians and radiologists need to know the characteristic imaging features of breast lymphoma.
The purpose of this pictorial review is to illustrate the clinical aspects and multimodal imaging findings of lymphoma affecting the breast. We also described the key radiological and clinical findings that allow it to be distinguished from other breast malignancies and inflammations. We identified articles that concerned breast lymphoma, were published in English between 1983 and 2012, and were indexed on PubMed. In addition, we evaluated the radiological, pathological, and clinical findings of 10 patients who had lymphoma affecting the breast and who underwent multimodal breast imaging studies in our institute between January 2003 and March 2012. The multimodal imaging consisted of mammography, ultrasonography (US), dynamic low-dose computed tomography (CT), and dynamic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The protocol for breast low-dose CT differs from that of conventional chest CT, as the former is performed in a prone position to spread the whole breast parenchyma and lower radiation dose settings (120 kVP and 50 mA) are used. The American College of Radiology recommends an average glandular dose of ≤3 mGy for standard screening mammography, and thus, the effective radiation dose should be 6 mGy or less for routine, two-view mammography [6]. When measured radiation doses administered to a CT phantom at 120 kVp and 50 mA were compared with the recommended dose for mammography, a CTDI100 of ≤6 mGy was obtained (2.01-4.08 mGy) [7]. We have already published both the phantom and patient results of the breast CT scan using this protocol and demonstrated satisfactory image quality and radiation doses [7-9]. The radiological findings were evaluated using a modified version of the Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System lexicon [10]. Because this lexicon does not include breast CT, we described CT findings using MRI descriptions, and the density of a breast lesion on a CT scan was compared with that of the pectoralis muscles. Thus, for example, if a lesion was of identical density to the pectoralis muscle, it was described as "isodense."
CLINICAL ASPECTS
Epidemiology
Breast lymphoma may occur as either a primary or a secondary lesion. Wiseman and Liao [11] proposed that, for a diagnosis of primary breast lymphoma, the breast should be the site of the first or major manifestation of the lymphoma and that there should be no evidence of lymphoma elsewhere, except at the ipsilateral axillary node. Primary breast lymphoma accounts for 0.85% to 2.2% of all extranodal malignant lymphomas, and secondary breast lymphoma is more common [12]. The age distribution of reported cases is wide (16-93 years at the time of diagnosis) and the reported median age ranges from 55 to 65 years [13,14], which is similar to the median age of extramammary lymphoma patients [15,16]. Of the 10 cases we described, six (60%) were primary breast lymphomas and the remaining four were secondary lymphomas (Table 1). The median age of the patients was 49.5 years (range, 21-65 years) and all of the patients were women.
Patients characteristics
Clinical findings
The most common symptom of breast lymphoma is a painless, palpable mass. Nipple retraction or discharge and skin change can also occur, but are rare [12,17]. Most B-cell lymphomas of the breast are present as palpable masses, whereas skin changes, edema, and local pain are more commonly associated with T-cell lymphoma [18]. Ipsilateral axillary lymphadenopathy has been reported in 13% to 50% of cases [19]. In our study, all patients had clinical symptoms. These were painless palpable masses in the breast and/or axilla in seven cases (70%), tender subcutaneous nodules in two cases (20%), and breast swelling in one case (10%) (Table 1). Three patients (30%) complained of skin thickening. Both patients (100%) with subcutaneous nodules and two of the three patients (67%) with skin thickening were found to have T-cell lymphoma on pathological examination. Therefore, skin or subcutaneous changes were more common in T-cell lymphoma, which is consistent with the findings of the previous study [18].
Pathophysiology
Most breast lymphomas are of the B-cell type. In a recent study by Surov et al. [12], 94% of breast lymphomas were found to be of the B-cell type and only 6% were of the T-cell type. However, some forms of T-cell lymphoma are more common in Asia than in Western countries [20], most notably peripheral T-cell, nasal T-cell, and natural killer (NK)/T-cell lymphomas. In the breast, T-cell lymphoma occurs only rarely and is reported on a case-by-case basis [21-24]. Included in these reports are lymphoblastic lymphoma, peripheral T-cell lymphoma, multilobated T-cell lymphoma, NK/T-cell lymphoma, cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, and anaplastic large cell lymphoma.
Of growing concern is a possible association between anaplastic large cell lymphoma and breast implants [22,23,25-28]. Previously regarded as chemically inert, silicone has been shown to induce inflammatory T-cell reactions [29]. If implants are causally related to lymphoma, the incidence of T-cell lymphoma in the breast may soon increase. In our study, six patients (60%) had diffuse large B-cell lymphomas and the remaining four (40%) had various T-cell lymphomas: two cases of peripheral T-cell lymphoma and a single case each of NK/T-cell lymphoma and precursor T-lymphoblastic lymphoma (Table 1). We included lymphoma patients who had breast involvement in this study and excluded patients who had only lymph node enlargement, and as a result, T-cell lymphoma manifesting as breast parenchymal or subcutaneous nodules might have been more common in study.
Treatment and prognosis
The optimal treatment for B-cell lymphoma is a multiagent regimen consisting of anthracycline-based chemotherapy with rituximab, possibly also combined with radiation. In patients with an indolent lymphoma such as lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma, mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma, low-grade follicular lymphoma, or small lymphocytic lymphoma, radiation therapy is potentially curative. Central nervous system relapse occurs more frequently (3%-27%) in primary breast lymphoma cases than in those involving extramammary lymphoma, and thus, cranial radiation therapy or intrathecal chemotherapy may be performed prophylactically [15]. Treatment for T-cell lymphoma varies widely because there are so many different types. Standard lymphoma therapies including chemotherapy, radiation, bone marrow transplantation, and surgery may be effective in some cases, and ultraviolet light therapy or electron beam radiation is effective for T-cell lymphoma with skin involvement. With appropriate management, a high rate of locoregional control can be achieved for primary breast lymphoma, although there is often systemic relapse. The 5-year overall survival for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma in the breast has been reported to range from 60% to 65% [30-32]. Of the 10 cases included in our study, two patients underwent excision with chemotherapy, three received radiation therapy with chemotherapy, and the remaining five received only chemotherapy (Table 1). Radiation therapy was administered in 75% of the T-cell lymphoma cases. Seven of our 10 patients (70%) had complete remission after treatment, two patients (20%) underwent salvage treatment due to tumor recurrence after complete remission, and the remaining patient (10%) achieved a partial remission.
MULTIMODAL BREAST IMAGING FINDINGS
Lymphoma affecting the breast manifests as a breast mass, a change in the subcutaneous tissue or the skin, or enlargement of the associated lymph node on radiological examination.
Breast mass
On mammography, breast lymphoma appears as a solitary, noncalcified, circumscribed, or indistinctly delineated, oval or round mass that can vary in density (Figures 1--3)3) [33,34]. Calcifications, spiculations, and architectural distortion are distinctively absent [17,33,34]. For B-cell lymphoma, diffuse or ill-defined increases in breast density representing irregular infiltrating processes may be observed. Mammography is limited in its capacity to detect lymphomas that present as a diffuse infiltration or a small mass (Figure 4). For these lesions, which may be associated with skin thickening or breast edema, US is often more informative (Figures 4, ,5),5), as breast lymphoma usually appears as a hypoechoic solid mass with circumscribed or indistinct margins (Figures 1--4)4) [28,29,33-36]. Heterogeneous echo patterns, hypoechogenicity, and hyperechogenicity are also seen frequently in breast lymphoma, and were present in 23% of cases in a study by Yang et al. (Figures 6--8)8) [13]. Posterior acoustic enhancement is another common feature, as is an echogenic rim or onion peel-like rim surrounding the mass that may represent lymphedema (Figure 2). The value of MRI of breast lymphoma is not firmly established, but inhomogeneous enhancement is seen in most cases on T1-weighted images after the administration of contrast media (Figure 2) [12,37,38]. Kinetic analysis on MRI shows that most breast lymphomas exhibit a rapid initial enhancement and plateau or a washout delayed phase enhancement (Figure 2) [12,13]. On CT, most lymphomas present as a circumscribed round or oval mass with various degrees of enhancement (Figures 2--4)4) [12].
A 61-year-old woman with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. (A) Both craniocaudal mammograms show multiple circumscribed oval or round masses (arrows) in both breasts. On (B) right and (C) left breast ultrasonography, the masses (arrows) are circumscribed ...
A 43-year-old woman with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. (A) Both craniocaudal and mediolateral oblique mammograms demonstrate bilateral indistinct oval or round masses (arrows) and axillary lymph node enlargements (white arrowheads). (B) Ultrasonography ...
A 46-year-old woman with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. (A) Both craniocaudal and mediolateral oblique mammograms are negative. (B) Ultrasonography scans of the right breast show multiple circumscribed oval hypoechoic masses (arrows). (C) Enhanced breast ...
A 52-year-old woman with precursor T-lymphoblastic lymphoma. (A) Right mediolateral oblique mammogram shows a circumscribed and partially obscured marginated round hyperdense mass (arrows). (B) Ultrasonography scan of the right breast demonstrates a circumscribed ...
A 43-year-old woman with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. (A) Left mediolateral oblique mammogram shows axillary lymphadenopathy (arrows) and trabecular thickening (arrowheads). (B) Ultrasonography (US) scans of the left breast show skin thickening (arrows) ...
A 65-year-old woman with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. (A) Ultrasonography (US) scan of the right breast shows an indistinct oval hyperechoic mass (arrows) in the subcutaneous fat layer. (B) US scan of the right axilla shows enlarged lymph nodes with ...
A 62-year-old woman with peripheral T-cell lymphoma. (A) Ultrasonography (US) scans of the right breast show multiple oval or round masses (arrows) in skin and subcutaneous fat layers. (B) Enhanced computed tomography scan of right breast shows multiple ...
Subcutaneous or skin change
US, CT, and MRI facilitate the evaluation of diffuse infiltrative lesions, tiny nodules, or superficial lesions involving the skin or subcutis in breast tissue (Figures 3--8).8). Radiological reports of T-cell lymphoma in the breast are extremely rare compared to those of B-cell lymphoma, although T-cell lymphoma, especially subcutaneous panniculitis-like T-cell or peripheral T-cell lymphoma, preferentially infiltrate the subcutaneous tissues (Figures 6--8)8) [21,39,40]. US shows indistinct and irregular hyperechoic masses in the subcutis, and the hyperechoic areas may contain internal tubular branching hypoechogenicity (Figures 6, ,7)7) [40,41]. Hyperechogenicity in breast lymphoma probably reflects the cellularity of these tumors [42]. On MRI, irregular masses with a rim or heterogeneous enhancement in the subcutis may be present. No characteristic CT findings of breast T-cell lymphoma have been reported to date, although in our study, we observed circumscribed or indistinct isodense masses with skin thickening on dynamic CT scans (Figures 6--88).
A 21-year-old woman with NK/T-cell lymphoma. (A) Ultrasonography (US) scan of the right breast shows an indistinct oval hyperechoic mass (arrows) with internal tubular hypoechogenicities and thickening of overlying skin. (B) US scan of the left breast ...
Lymphadenopathy
Routine breast imaging does not usually help to distinguish between primary and secondary lymphoma, although bilateral axillary lymphadenopathy or breast edema could indicate a secondary lymphoma. US, CT, and MRI are all more useful techniques than mammography for the evaluation of enlarging lymph nodes (Figures 4--6),6), and CT may be useful for the evaluation of intrathoracic and extrathoracic lymphadenopathy and involvement of the chest wall or lung in lymphoma patients (Figure 4).
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS FROM OTHER BREAST MALIGNANCIES AND INFLAMMATORY BREAST DISEASES
It is difficult to distinguish breast lymphoma from various benign or malignant breast diseases on the basis of clinical and radiological findings. However, it is important to distinguish between breast lymphoma and other malignant diseases (for example, invasive breast carcinoma), inflammatory breast carcinoma, or metastasis, so that the appropriate treatment can be selected. The diagnostic strategy for lymphoma affecting the breast is determined by the presence or absence of known systemic lymphoma. If a patient is known to have systemic lymphoma, changes in the breasts must raise the possibility of a lymphomatous involvement [43]. However, in cases where lymphoma is not otherwise suspected, lymphoma of the breast is usually only suggested as one possibility in the differential diagnosis.
The most common symptom of breast malignancy is a painless palpable lump. Local pain, edema, or subcutaneous or skin nodules are frequent in lymphoma, especially the T-cell type, whereas nipple retraction or discharge is extremely rare [12,17,18]. With respect to radiological findings, the characteristic features of more common breast carcinomas, including calcifications, spiculations, or architectural distortion, are distinctively absent in lymphoma [17,33,34]. Inflammatory breast carcinoma manifests as breast edema with a mass on breast imaging that is usually of irregular shape and has indistinct margins or is spiculated, characteristics that are somewhat different from those of breast lymphoma. Metastasis to the breast manifests as a localized lesion or diffuse infiltration [43]. The former presents as a circumscribed oval or round mass and the latter appears as breast edema with dilated dermal lymphatics on breast imaging. These are very similar findings to those of lymphoma affecting the breast. There are currently no reliable criteria for distinguishing breast lymphoma from metastasis, although a history of a known metastasis or lymphoma in another organ is important in the diagnosis of a breast lesion. The findings of our study revealed that because a subcutaneous breast mass or nodule on radiological examination is rare in invasive breast carcinoma, inflammatory breast carcinoma, or metastasis, a change in the subcutis might aid in the diagnosis of breast lymphoma. Although there are some indicative clinical and radiological features of breast lymphoma, imaging-guided core needle biopsy or excisional biopsy should be performed for confirmative diagnosis. If a patient has a skin or subcutaneous lesion, a full thickness excisional skin biopsy should be performed in order to differentiate breast lymphoma from diffuse infiltrative metastasis and inflammatory carcinoma.
Differentiating breast lymphoma from inflammatory diseases is challenging, especially in patients with a painful breast lump, erythema, or skin thickening [44,45]. Inflammatory breast diseases include infectious mastitis, abscess, or idiopathic granulomatous lobular mastitis. Mammography and US often reveal unilateral breast edema, possibly with accompanying masses, in both breast lymphoma and inflammatory diseases. However, on breast US, the echo pattern of masses and associated findings differ between lymphoma and inflammation. In the latter, the masses are complicated cysts that have movable echoes or sedimentations, complex cysts, which have cystic and solid contents or are hypoechoic [43]. Dilated ducts or fistulous tracts to the skin are also often associated with inflammatory disease [43]. Conversely, a complex cyst is extremely rare and dilated ducts or fistulas are never associated with breast lymphoma. If a breast lesion is located in the subcutis, breast lymphoma needs to be distinguished from panniculitis or fat necrosis. Subcutaneous panniculitis, like T-cell lymphoma of the breast, is indistinguishable from inflammatory panniculitis and fat necrosis because of their clinical and pathological similarities [21,40], as both present as solitary or multiple subcutaneous nodules. Fat lobules in the subcutaneous layer are surrounded by neoplastic T-cells in cases of subcutaneous panniculitis like T-cell lymphoma, and inflammatory cells and some atypical cells are present in inflammatory panniculitis and fat necrosis on pathological examination, resulting in radiologically similar features. Clinically, inflammatory panniculitis spontaneously regresses without treatment within 1 to 4 weeks and frequently occurs in the lower extremities [46]. For the diagnosis of fat necrosis, it is important know the history of breast surgery, trauma, and biopsy [47].
CONCLUSION
Here we have described the clinical aspects and multimodal imaging findings of lymphoma affecting the breast. Breast lymphoma manifests as a breast mass, changes in the subcutaneous tissue or the skin, or enlargement of the associated lymph node on radiological examination. We also have illustrated the key clinical and radiological findings that can distinguish breast lymphoma from various breast malignancies and benign diseases. In breast lymphoma, usual malignant radiological features such as calcifications, spiculations, or architectural distortions are extremely rare, and skin and subcutaneous changes frequently accompany T-cell lymphoma. Multimodal breast imaging characteristics may aid the diagnosis of breast lymphoma.
Footnotes
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Article information
J Breast Cancer. 2013 Sep; 16(3): 254–265.
Published online 2013 Sep 30. doi: 10.4048/jbc.2013.16.3.254
PMCID: PMC3800721
PMID: 24155754
Department of Radiology, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Ansan, Korea.
1Department of Pathology, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Ansan, Korea.
2Department of General Surgery, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Ansan, Korea.
Corresponding author.
Correspondence to: Bo Kyoung Seo. Department of Radiology, Korea University Ansan Hospital, 123 Jeokgeum-ro, Danwon-gu, Ansan 425-707, Korea. Tel: +82-31-412-5228, Fax: +82-31-412-5224, rk.ca.aerok@ykoboes
*These authors contributed equaly to this work.
Received 2013 May 4; Accepted 2013 Sep 6.
This article has been cited by other articles in PMC.
Articles from Journal of Breast Cancer are provided here courtesy of Korean Breast Cancer Society
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